The entire concept of cinema was first created in 1895 by inventors named the Lumiere Brothers, they invented cinematographe. The clip involved workers exiting from factory gates. After time the Lumiere Brothers were soon beaten by a fellow inventor named Edwin S Porter who showed that film didn't have to be one continuous shot and could be a collection of film fragments added together. In 1908, D W Griffiths created a film that focused more upon the editing rather than the acting, he discovered that editing the clips in different ways meant that you were able to change the atmosphere and emotion of the clip. In some of Griffith's films he uses 21st century techniques such as fading, dissolving and wipe.
In 1925 a director named Kuleshov, discovered a way of compiling clip together calling it the montage. Many films that were made in the late 20th century used this technique for example it was used in every Rocky film to show him training up before he fought his enemies.
At this current time that we are at using film to make a Movie is very rare, creating clips was complicated and tricky for editors and directors. Films have to be cut and placed together with each film attached with tape, this process took a long time and had to be precisely done to produce a clip that was well cut. This first technique was called Analogue, as it involved placing film and sticking them together and then putting the film through a machine when finished. Luckily editing is much easier now as we use digital clips, each clip can easily be reviewed and changed if need be. After filming is completed the clip can then be edited using editing software on a computer. Editing without film means that movies can be produced much quicker.
Wesley's Rampage (2008)
Establishing Shot
An establishing shot is used at 1:34, this is because the camera moves from one
environment to another so that the viewer understands that the character is moving from one location to another. In the clip Wesley moves from the lower part of the factory and the establishing shot tells us that he is climbing up to the higher levels, showing the upper level in the shot. The shot is used in this clip so that the viewer understands that Wesley is trying to reach a new location. It creates movement and pace within the clip and also creates atmosphere as the clip has gone from fast pace too slow.180 Rule
At 0:33 a 180 degree rule is used, this rule means that the camera rotates 180 degrees around a character or object. This shot is used to create atmosphere between different characters, this shot also allows for dialogue between characters. The camera doesn't have to rotate around a fixed point it can just shoot between two characters facing each other as long as it doesn't pass the 180 degrees rule. In this clip the gun moves from an enemies hand to Wesley's hand, the camera rotates around the gun as it leaves the enemies hand and is then brought in the new hand. This shows the movement of the gun and the transfer between the different characters hands. This shot also helps to show the scenery that the characters are in, so the viewer is able to gain an understanding of where the focal point is taking place.Shot-Reverse-Shot
A Clever shot-reverse-shot is used at 0:59 in this clip, the shot involves a main enemy and Wesley.A shot-reverse-shot uses two shots in sequel to each other, one shot shows one character looking at another and then the clip changes to the opposite. The clip uses this to create tension between the two characters. In this specific shot Wesley runs at one of the main enemies, the camera jumps from one character to the other as each character are drawing there weapon to the other.
Match Cuts On Action
The clip uses many cuts on action, this is when the camera focuses on a specific point to create exaggeration on the subject but the best of this example in this clip is at the start of the clip at 0:02 when Wesley smashes through the window. Its a match on action because the character is shown running toward something and then the camera cuts inside the room were he is then jumping through the glass window. By doing this the viewer gains an understanding of the scene that Wesley is about to enter and it makes the editing much smoother.
Motivated Editing
This is when an action is motivated either on your sight or hearing, in most cases the action is of screen and then with the motivated editing the subject then becomes seen or heard in the shot. At 0:09 a very clever Motivated Editing is used, the character smashes through the window and the glass goes flying across the room. In one of the fragments of glass a character is behind the camera and is being thrown back. The reason this is a motivated editing is because its setting the scene of a location that isn't first displayed, the viewer is then immersed into the scene much easier. In this clip this technique is used to show the viewers that there are enemies surrounding the window.
Identification With The Main Protagonist Or Other Characters
Screen time is the amount of time that a main object or protagonist is spent in front of a camera. In this clip the main protagonist is Wesley so every shots main focus is Wesley as he runs through an onslaught of enemy characters. By having a long screen time we know what to watch and we know what the main focal point will be.
Close Ups are used to create tension and show how a character is feeling at that certain point in the clip. At 1:21 Wesley is shot in the shoulder, he slowly falls to the ground
Point of view shot is used to show the viewer the scene that the character is set in, it makes the film more believable and realistic. In this clip Wesley smashes through the window and just after that at 0:17 the camera cuts to a POV shot, the camera is distorted and shaky to show the characters main reaction after jumping through the window. As the shoot looks down the factory the viewer is able to see the scene that is about to take place.
Reaction Shots are used to show of how the character reacts to something that has just
Generating Clips
Shot Variation is used to explain a collection of different shots for example a long shot is
used to show a scene it sets the area for the film/clip. A medium shot is best for showing characters talking as it involves head to shoulder and finally a close up shows how the character is feeling it allows the viewer to gain an understanding of the film. As you can see in the clip below from 127 Hours, the shot starts showing the character stuck in between rocks, thus starting at a medium shot then as the camera travels away the shot turns into a long shot. This shows a good variation between shots, creating two different atmospheres and emotions. Montage is a collection of shots that are added together to show a story line. For example this technique is used in Rocky films to show him training for boxing matches against the toughest emails. The montage shot doesn't have to just contain one character it can show of more than one character at a time.
As you can see on the left is a clip of Rocky training in a boxing ring. This shot shows him doing press ups.
The clip on the right is a clip of Rocky Running, these two screenshots are from a montage in Rocky 1 when he is training. As you can see you're able to change location and action.
Parallel Editing/Cross Cutting is the technique used to show more than one scene at once, for example one scene could be happening whilst another scene is going on. The clip below is from Inception when the characters are fighting in different dreams whilst the van is crashing on the dirt.
Cutting to soundtrack is similar to that of rhythm editing, the sound is a very important part of a clip/film. This technique shows that when something more intense is happening the music would speed up and when less intense and much more calm then the music is much slower. Once again in the clip above has slow music until the car starts to burn, when the fire leads toward to men the music become violent and intense.
Using Multiple Point Of view means that the viewer gains a better understanding of whats happening, they feel much more immersed in the clip. In this clip the shot shows many different angles by doing this the characters ability are shown to be much greater making the viewer feel that the protagonist is much more powerful.The clip below shows a man being mugged by a robber, the clip starts by facing the robber but when the character gets close to camera the view point changes. This helps the viewer to understand whats happening with clearer views, it also helps to show the environment creating atmosphere.
Bibliography
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37KddyjUxnQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YYmfM2TfUA
http://www.slideshare.net/katierothery/history-of-editing
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg
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